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There are uniseriate or multiseriate filaments of cells that are flexible or rigid, flat or round, unbound or bound in hyaline or slime sheaths. Even the language used to describe the morphologies of various species in the text quickly illustrates the veritable bacterial zoo found on earth: In addition to the familiar coccoid, rod-shaped, or spirillar types, there are also dendroid, coryneform, cylindrical, bulbiform, fusiform, and vibrioid types. Perusing the once-definitive guide to bacterial identification, Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, one easily finds shapes much more interesting than rods and cocci. Or did you imagine a rod in particular, one that elongates to double its length and then divides in two? Names of species depicted in schematics are emphasized in large, bold font. Colored dots are appended to indicate species with multiple morphologies. Species names are colored according to morphology as indicated in the key. Mariprofundus ferrooxydans (single cell with metal-encrusted stalk). Thiomargarita nelsonii (single, giant cell). Beggiatoa leptomitiformis (filament of multiple, giant cylindrical cells). Nevskia ramosa (two cells with bifurcating slime stalk). Simonsiella muelleri (filament of multiple curved cells). Rhodomicrobium vannielii (filament of multiple ovoid cells, one is predivisional). Hyphomonas neptunium (predivisional cell). Caulobacter crescentus (predivisional cell). Desulfovibrio vulgaris (two cells, helical and curved shapes). Muricauda ruestringensis (appendage includes nonreproductive bulb). Pelodictyon phaeoclathratiforme (filament of multiple trapezoidal cells). Gimesia maris (previously Planctomyces maris, predivisional cell with proteinaceous stalk). Calothrix (filament of multiple disk-shaped cells). Herpetosiphon aurantiacus (filament of multiple cylindrical cells). Corynebacterium diphtheriae (two cells, dumbbell and club shapes). Streptomyces coelicolor (mycelial filament with hyphae and spores). Black dots denote ancestral nodes of selected major taxa: DT, Deinococcus-Thermus Ac, Actinobacteria Cf, Chloroflexi Cn, Cyanobacteria Fi, Firmicutes (inclusive of Mollicutes) Sp, Spirochetes PVC, Planctomycetes, Verrucomicrobia, Chlamydiae Cb, Chlorobi Bd, Bacteroidetes α, β, γ, δ, ε, Proteobacteria subdivisions. FastTree generated an approximate maximum likelihood tree from the resulting concatenated alignment. Sequence data gathered from the Joint Genome Institute and the National Center for Biotechnology Information were searched for reference genes and aligned using Phylosift. Myriad morphologies have evolved throughout the bacterial domain.īacterial phylogeny derived from genome sequence data for selected species, with an emphasis on morphologically and phylogenetically diverse taxa. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.įig 1. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.įunding: Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under award number R01GM51986 to YVB and by National Research Service Award F32GM112362 to AMR. PLoS Biol 14(10):Ĭopyright: © 2016 Kysela et al. Citation: Kysela DT, Randich AM, Caccamo PD, Brun YV (2016) Diversity Takes Shape: Understanding the Mechanistic and Adaptive Basis of Bacterial Morphology.
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